Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E. Walker) control in soybean with combinations of burndown and preemergence herbicides applied in the off-season

Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E. Walker) can be found in many different agricultural environments and impact different crops, such as soybeans and corn. It is believed that the application of burndown and preemergence herbicides in the off-season are effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane in soybean crops. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of burndown and preemergence herbicides in the off-season, with one or two applications, in the control of Sumatran fleabane in soybean cultivation. Five field experiments were conducted in Maripá, state of Paraná (PR), Brazil. The treatments consisted of the application of burndown herbicides in combinations with preemergence ones, with one or two applications. Control of Sumatran fleabane and soybean yield were evaluated. With the set of experiments, it is highlighted that the strategy combining more applications, with different herbicides, burndown and preemergence, is more promising in the control of Sumatran fleabane. When comparing synthetic auxins, dicamba and triclopyr stand out. For sequential application, worse performance was observed for diquat. Combinations between burndown and preemergence herbicides were effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane, for pre sowing application in soybean. With emphasis on managements with sequential applications of saflufenacil with glufosinate or glyphosate. The strategy combining more applications, with different herbicides, burndown and preemergence herbicides, is more promising in the control of Sumatran fleabane.

Primary school educational intervention r egarding schistosomiasis in a riverside community, northeastern Brazil

Schistosomiasis is still a serious public health concern in Brazil and Sergipe State presents the highest prevalence rate of the disease. Brazil implemented the Schistosomiasis Control Program (PCE) with several strategies to control the disease, including health education actions in endemic areas. Herein, we assessed the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge concerning schistosomiasis in students from a riverside village of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. The study was carried out in 3 phases. 1) A questionnaire was applied to assess the students' knowledge about the biological, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of schistosomiasis mansoni (pre-test). 2) Next, an educational intervention was conducted. Pamphlets about schistosomiasis were distributed to the entire school community, who were then invited to a lecture. 3) A post-test was performed using the questionnaire to assess acquired knowledge. 151 elementary school students were interviewed. 2.6% of the pre-test students and 4.3% of the post-test group had already been diagnosed with schistosomiasis. In the pre-test, only 24.5% knew the cause of the disease and 48.3% the transmission sites. In the post-test, 74.3% (OR= 8.9; p-value<0.0001) knew the etiology and 77.1% the possible transmission sites (OR= 3.6; p-value<0.0001). There was also significant improvement in knowledge regarding signs, symptoms and prophylactic measures. Most students were unaware of the risk of reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni after treatment. The educational intervention proved quite effective in increasing information on schistosomiasis. These results reinforce the importance of health education as an auxiliary tool in the control of schistosomiasis.

Fatores que influenciam na mortalidade em queimaduras graves / Factors influencing mortality in severe burns

INTRODUÇÃO: Queimaduras são lesões determinadas pela energia térmica da transferência de calor. Queimaduras graves persistem com elevada taxa de mortalidade e incidência, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. Necessita-se reconhecer os fatores que influenciam o desfecho para o óbito ou a sobrevivência. OBJETIVO: Evidenciar fatores que podem influenciar na mortalidade ou na chance de sobreviver às queimaduras graves. Analisar dados epidemiológicos, como idade, sexo e agente causal, características das queimaduras como agente, regiões, profundidade e extensão da superfície corporal queimada (SCQ), comorbidades e hábitos de vida, assim como a presença de disfunções orgânicas e sepse. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo quantitativo, analítico e observacional em dados de prontuários eletrônicos de queimados graves sob cuidados intensivos entre junho de 2013 e junho de 2018. Para a relação entre o óbito e variáveis categóricas, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado e o teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente relevante na idade (p=0,008) e na extensão de superfície corporal queimada (p=0,005) entre os pacientes que vieram ou não a óbito. Observou-se que a presença de comorbidades (p=0,02) e sepse (p=0,01), assim como de disfunções orgânicas isoladas, indicaram diferença na proporção de pacientes que faleceram e os que sobreviveram. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de duas ou mais comorbidades, o diagnóstico de sepse e de disfunções orgânicas isoladas, como cardiovascular, respiratória, neurológica, hematológica e renal, são fatores que influenciam na mortalidade com relevância estatística e apresentam uma mediana de idade de 46 anos e 50% de SCQ.

INTRODUCTION: Burns are defined by the thermal energy of heat transfer. Severe burns persist with a high mortality and incidence rate, especially in developing countries. It is necessary to recognize the factors that influence the outcome for death. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the factors that may result in mortality or the chance of surviving from severe burns. To analyze epidemiological data, such as age, sex and causal agent, characteristics of burns as a regional agent, depth and extent of the burned body surface, comorbidities and life habits, as well as the presence of organic disorders and sepsis. METHODS: A retrospective investigation was carried out on electronic medical records of burned graves under intensive care between 2013 and 2018. For the relationship between death and categorical variables, the Chi-square test and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were used for variables. RESULTS: A statistically relevant difference was found in age (p=0.008) and in the extent of burned body surface area (p=0.005) between patients who died or not. It was observed that the presence of comorbidities (p=0.02) and sepsis (p=0.01), as well as isolated organic dysfunctions indicated a difference in the proportion of patients who died and those who survived. CONCLUSION: The average age of 46 years, the average extension of burned body surface average of 50%, the presence of two or more comorbidities, the diagnosis of sepsis and isolated organic dysfunctions, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, hematological and renal are factors that influence mortality of severe burns.